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"Love Our Kids, Lock Your Guns"
A Community-Based Firearm Safety Counseling and Gun Lock Distribution Program
Tamera Coyne-Beasley, MD, MPH;
Victor J. Schoenbach, PhD;
Renee M. Johnson, MPH
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155:659-664.
ABSTRACT
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Background Safer storage practices may reduce injury rates by limiting youth access
to firearms.
Objective To determine if a firearm safety counseling and gun lock distribution
program improved storage practices.
Design Community-based before-after trial.
Setting Urban county in central North Carolina.
Participants One hundred twelve adult gun owners recruited through a mass media advertising
campaign.
Intervention In the parking lot of a shopping mall, participants completed a survey,
and were then provided with tailored counseling, gun safety information, a
gun lock, and instructions to use it.
Main Outcome Measures Firearm storage practices, assessed by survey and personal interview
(baseline) and telephone interview (6-month follow-up).
Results Most participants were white (62%), men (63%), had children (58%), and
owned a gun for protection (74%). At follow-up, of the 82 participants, 63
(77%) (up from 39 [48%]) reported storing their gun(s) in a locked compartment
(P = .004), 59 (72%) (up from 0) reported using gun
locks (P = .001), 61 (74%) (up from 57 [69%]) reported
storing their ammunition locked in a separate location, 59 (72%) (up from
52 [63%]) reported storing their gun(s) unloaded, and 6 (7%) (down from 15
[18%]) reported storing firearms unlocked and loaded. Participants with children
were more likely at baseline to store weapons unlocked and loaded (38 [59%]
vs 19 [41%]; P = .02) but were more likely after
counseling to lock their weapons (29 [58%] vs 14 [44%]) and remove guns from
the home (5 [10%] vs 0 [0%]).
Conclusions This program prompted reporting of safer firearm storage practices,
particularly among parents. Longer follow-up, verification of self-reports
and correct use, testing of gun locks, and monitoring firearm injury rates
after distribution programs are needed to establish the public health potential
of this approach.
INTRODUCTION
FIREARM INJURY among young people is a leading cause of death and a
national epidemic. If trends continue, firearm-related deaths are forecasted
to surpass motor vehicle crashes as the leading cause of injury-related death
by 2003.1 In the United States, nearly 6000
people younger than 20 years die of firearm-related injuries each year in
the form of homicide, suicide, and self- or other-directed unintentional injury.2 For each young person killed by gunfire, about 4 are
wounded nonfatally, many of whom are permanently disfigured or disabled.3
Many unintentional injuries and suicides among youth happen because
an unauthorized young person operated a firearm that was obtained from home.4, 5 Unintentional injuries tend to occur
when a curious young person plays with or handles an improperly stored firearm
in his or her own home or the home of a friend or family member.4
In addition to developmental risk factors, firearms contribute substantially
to the adolescent suicide problem.5 It has
been estimated that as many as 85% of the guns used in youth firearm suicides
were obtained from the home of the victim, a relative, or a friend.4
Compared with unintentional injury and suicide, the relationship between
household firearm ownership and youth homicide perpetration or victimization
is less direct. The proportion of guns used in youth-perpetrated homicides
that were obtained from youths' homes is not clear. Most firearms used in
youth homicides are obtained through theft or from the secondary market.6 Thus, household firearm ownership is associated with
youth perpetration of homicide in that insecure storage practices provide
an opportunity for youths to access firearms, primarily through theft.
National studies7 have reported that
more than one third of gun owners keep their weapons loaded either some or
all of the time, approximately half of gun owners keep them unlocked, and
20% of firearm-owning households have a loaded unlocked firearm in the home.
In the South, firearms in households with children are more than twice as
likely to be stored loaded and unlocked than in similar households elsewhere.8 Many gun owners keep their guns loaded and unlocked
in their homes, immediately accessible for protection against an intruder,
despite the increased risk for injury and despite data suggesting that most
victims are not intruders, but family members or acquaintances.9, 10
Various strategies, including changes in product design11
and safe storage laws,12 have been implemented
to prevent young people from operating firearms. Promotion of safe firearm
storage, which includes keeping guns unloaded, locked up, separate from ammunition,
and stored with an extrinsic safety device such as a gun lock, trigger lock,
gun safe, or lock box, represents an important method to prevent unauthorized
access and operation of guns. Unlike other strategies, safe storage promotion
is politically feasible and relatively inexpensive and can be done at the
community level. Although safe storage and the use of extrinsic safety devices
may not confer absolute protection against misuse of guns, both are supported
by child safety experts and the American Academy of Pediatrics.13
Safe storage of firearms is promoted to the public through physician
counseling and through public education campaigns conducted by organizations
such as health departments, citizen groups, and law enforcement agencies.
The effectiveness of firearm safety counseling emphasizing safe storage remains
to be established. Two studies conducted in primary care settings did not
demonstrate a statistically significant change in gun ownership14
or in storage15 after counseling. Some limitations
of safe storage promotion in medical settings include the following: (1) it
may be restricted to individuals who have access to health care, (2) counseling
is often not tailored to the individual's level of risk, (3) safe storage
is not the focus of the interaction, and (4) physicians usually do not distribute
safety devices. Community-based firearm safety programs and gun lock distribution
programs, which have been conducted across the country,16, 17
are an important complement to anticipatory guidance. However, they are often
conducted as public service projects, and not as intervention studies with
a formal evaluation. In addition, community-based programs usually do not
provide tailored firearm safety counseling based on participants' risks.
Our firearm safety counseling program, "Love Our Kids, Lock Your Guns,"
builds on what has been done previously in this area. First, participants
were recruited through a multimedia campaign that included high-profile professionals.
The program was community-based, eliminating access to health care as a barrier,
and included the distribution of free gun lock safety devices. Trained health
care professionals provided tailored counseling and follow-up with participants
without time limitations.
The present study is an evaluation of the Love Our Kids, Lock Your Guns
firearm safety program. We sought to determine if the provision of firearm
safety counseling by trained practitioners in conjunction with the distribution
of free gun locks and follow-up resulted in safer gun storage practices, in
the use of gun locks, and in participants' inquiring about the presence of
firearms in the homes where their children visit.
PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS
The project consisted of a community-based firearm safety counseling
and gun lock distribution program with baseline and 6-month follow-up data
collected from participants. Spearheaded jointly by a law enforcement officer
and a pediatrician (T.C.-B.), the program received official, financial, and
in-kind support from the law enforcement agency, the mayor, the city council,
the county baseball team, the North Carolinians Against Gun Violence, the
local Wal-Mart, the Injury Prevention Research Center, and the Department
of Pediatrics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
STUDY POPULATION
The study took place in an urban county in North Carolina, where the
prevalence of gun ownership is estimated to be approximately 40% to 50%. From
1990 to 1995, the county's adolescent homicide rate among youths aged 11 to
18 years was ranked fourth of 100 counties in the state.18
Although North Carolina has a child access prevention law, our field experience
indicates that many citizens appear to be unaware of this rarely enforced
law or choose not to adhere to it.
PARTICIPANTS
Program participants, including gun owners and other interested persons,
were recruited through a multimedia campaign that included press conferences
by the collaborators, newspaper and television advertisements and stories,
radio public service announcements, and announcements at baseball games. Churches,
community organizations, neighborhoods, clinics, and 200 gun owners (randomly
selected from municipal firearm registration files) were also sent letters
and flyers about the event. Three days before the event, the mayor participated
in a press conference with the collaborators during which he proclaimed the
day of the event as Love Our Kids, Lock Your Guns day and encouraged all gun
owners to participate. The event was held in the Wal-Mart parking lot in an
outdoor shopping mall on a Saturday in October 1998.
PROGRAM DELIVERY
Firearm safety counselors obtained informed consent from the participants
and provided assurances of confidentiality. Participants then completed a
survey modified from the "Steps to Prevent Firearm Injury in the Home" program.19 The survey was reviewed by a firearm safety counselor,
who provided approximately 10 to 15 minutes of tailored counseling for the
participants based on their responses to the survey using key educational
points on firearm injury and death from the Steps to Prevent Firearm Injury
in the Home program and the American Medical Association's firearm safety
guide.20 If an individual reported owning a
gun for protection, alternative security strategies were discussed, such as
security alarm systems, motion lights, steel doors with dead bolt locks, and
dog ownership. The participant then received a packet of firearm safety information
and had the opportunity to view a videotape of Cease Fire public service announcements (which show the negative consequences
of improper gun storage and the dangers of firearms). Next, the participant
was given a maximum of 4 gun locks. Using a display of securely mounted unloaded
guns, a law enforcement officer then instructed each participant in how to
use the lock on a firearm like the one the participant had at home. Participants
also received a T-shirt with the Love Our Kids, Lock Your Guns logo to reinforce
the safety message after the event was over and to create "walking billboards"
to share the message with people who did not attend. The final activity of
the 6-hour program was a raffle of a gun safe.
TRAINING OF FIREARM SAFETY COUNSELORS
Educators from the Center to Prevent Handgun Violence, Washington, DC,
and one of us (T.C.-B.) trained firearm safety counselors, who were pediatricians,
medical students, public health professionals, and other health care practitioners
recruited from local health professions schools, government agencies, and
health departments. The training program (Steps to Prevent Firearm Injury
in the Home) was developed by the Center to Prevent Handgun Violence. Firearm
topics covered were as follows: epidemiology of injury, suicide, and homicide;
unintentional shootings; guns in schools; emotional and financial costs; approaching
parents; key prevention steps; counseling families; and dispelling firearm
misconceptions. Steps to Prevent Firearm Injury in the Home program kits and
training manuals were provided to all counselors. Counselors were also instructed
on how to use the gun lock. Six trained counselors (3 pediatricians, 1 fourth-year
medical student interested in pediatrics, and 2 public health professionals)
helped to conduct this intervention.
SELECTION OF A GUN LOCK
The gun lock selected for the program was the Keyed Cablelock (bulk
cost, $6 each), manufactured by O. F. Mossberg and Sons, New Haven, Conn.
The keyed cable gun lock renders weapons inoperable because the gun is necessarily
unloaded to install the device, and a plastic-coated steel cable runs through
the barrel for a revolver or through the ejection port for semiautomatic guns,
rifles, and shotguns. A keyed lock secures the cable (Figure 1). Before choosing the keyed cable gun lock, we rejected
several locks that could easily be destroyed by children.
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Keyed Cablelock gun lock (O. F. Mossberg and Sons, New Haven, Conn)
installed on handguns and a long gun. Photographed by Ed Shenkman Photography,
Chapel Hill, NC.
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Lock boxes, which are widely recommended by law enforcement officers,21 were considered, but the expense ($40-$200 each)
prohibited using this device in a distribution program during which we wanted
to provide the device free of charge to participants. In addition, we were
interested in a device that could be adapted to all types of guns, and lock
boxes are designed solely for the storage of handguns. Furthermore, we wanted
to promote unloading of guns, and a gun can be stored loaded in the box.
Trigger locks were rejected for use in this study because they can be
used only on firearms with a trigger guard; gun locks do not have this limitation.
If the trigger lock does not fit within the trigger guard tightly, the trigger
may still be operable.22 Moreover, the gun
must be unloaded for a gun lock to be applied, whereas a trigger lock can
be installed on a loaded gun, even though doing so is not recommended.
DATA COLLECTION
After the initial counseling session, participants were asked to consent
to be interviewed by telephone 6 months later. The purpose of the follow-up
was to (1) ask participants if they were using the gun locks and, if not,
to remind them to do so; (2) inquire about any difficulty using the lock;
(3) respond to participants' questions; and (4) assess gun safety and storage
practices postintervention. Information from the questionnaire on which safety
counseling was based served as the baseline data. A willingness to participate
in the follow-up was not required to receive gun locks or firearm safety counseling.
The study was approved by the School of Medicine Institutional Review Board
at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
DATA ANALYSIS
Following descriptive analyses, changes in reported storage practices
from baseline to follow-up were evaluated with McNemar tests for correlated
proportions. If a participant had more than one gun, the one that was least
secured determined the code assigned for storage practices.
RESULTS
DEMOGRAPHICS
The age range for the 112 gun owners who participated in the study was
18 to 81 years, 63% were men, 64% were educated beyond high school, 62% were
white, 58% had an annual income at or above $30 000, and 58% lived with
children (Table 1). Most reported
owning more than one gun (mean ± SD, 2.6 ± 2.1 guns). The reported
reasons for gun ownership were as follows:
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Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of the Program Participants*
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In terms of types of guns, most had handguns (44%), but 18% had long
guns, such as shotguns or rifles. More than a third (38%) of the participants
had handguns and long guns in their home.
STORAGE PRACTICES
Not surprisingly, baseline data demonstrated that many participants
did not store their guns in a secure manner. At baseline, fewer than half
of the participants (48%) reported keeping their gun(s) locked in a secure
compartment, such as a lock box, closet, gun safe, or cabinet. Sixty-three
percent reported storing the gun(s) unloaded. Sixty-nine percent reported
keeping the ammunition locked and stored separately. Eighteen percent of the
participants reported storing the gun unlocked and loaded (Table 2). Although storage patterns did not differ significantly
by race (P = .32), sex (P
= .09), or age (P = .47), persons with postsecondary
education were 2 times more likely to store their gun unloaded (P = .02).
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Table 2. Firearm Safety Practices of 82 Participants at Baseline and
at the 6-Month Follow-up*
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Notably, participants with children were more likely to store their
weapons unlocked and loaded than were those without children (38 [59%] vs
19 [41%]; P = .02). Sixty-four (58%) participants
had children residing in their homes, and 49 (76%) of these parents who owned
guns believed that their children did not know where the gun was located.
Nine (14%) also reported having children unsupervised at home after school.
FIREARM INJURY RISK BEHAVIORS
Few participants reported known risk factors for firearm injuries among
household members. Only 1% reported ever having physical or verbal abuse between
people in the home, 5% reported a drinking problem or excessive alcohol use,
5% reported the current use of illicit drugs, and 1% reported current or recent
treatment for depression. No participant reported having had gun-related injuries
in the home. Although 74% reported owning at least one gun for protection,
only 49% had any formal firearms' training and only 39% had installed a security
alarm at home.
FOLLOW-UP
Eighty-two participants (73%) were successfully contacted for follow-up
between 6 and 12 months after the program. There were no significant differences
in demographic characteristics between follow-up participants and those we
were unable to reach for follow-up (Table
1). During the telephone interview, 75 (91%) said the counseling
and educational materials were helpful. Seventy-seven percent (up from 48%)
reported storing their guns in a locked compartment, and 72% reported using
the gun lock. Of the remaining 23 (28%) who were not using the lock, 20 (24%)
said they had forgotten to put the gun lock on but would do so following this
reminder, and 3 (4%) indicated they were not sure they would use the lock.
None of the gun owners who stated they were using the gun locks reported any
difficulties using the locks. One participant reported that the plastic casing
surrounding her cable lock split, but that the lock was still operable. Only
the following 2 questions were asked by participants: (1) "Where can I get
more locks?" and (2) "Were we going to have any more giveaways?" These individuals
were sent information on where similar locks could be purchased and the dates
of other planned distribution events, respectively.
Individuals who reported using the locks also reported unloading the
gun and storing their guns in a locked compartment. Only 7%, down from 18%,
said they were storing their guns loaded and unlocked. There were also slight
increases, not statistically significant, in the percentages who said they
kept their ammunition locked and stored separately and who stored their gun
unloaded (Table 2). Also, 88%
(up from 28% at baseline) of participants with children stated that they had
asked their friends and family about their gun ownership and storage practices
(Table 2).
Participants with children were slightly more likely to lock up their
weapons after counseling vs participants without children (29 [58%] vs 14
[44%]). Five participants who had children (6% of the total sample, 10% of
parents) reported disposing of their firearms after the program. The sample
size at follow-up was inadequate to determine statistically significant differences
in storage practices between participants with and without children.
COMMENT
Most participants in this program were educated middle-aged white men,
with children, who owned at least one gun for protection. Despite North Carolina's
child access prevention law, most of these gun owners did not store their
guns safely at baseline. Overall, the data do not suggest that gun storage
practices differ by race, sex, or age. Responses to our baseline survey were
consistent with national data: of the 112 participants, 58 (52%) had an unlocked
gun, approximately one third (41 [37%]) kept a gun loaded, and 20 (18%) stored
a gun unlocked and loaded.7, 23
The gun lock distribution and firearm safety counseling program led to reported
improvements in firearm storage by the participants and more inquiries into
the firearm storage practices in homes where children visit. Most participants
(79 [96%] of 82) reported intending to use the gun lock, and 62 (76%) reported
doing so without problems at follow-up. The use of gun locks did not appear
to lead to more lax storage practices, such as not storing the gun in a locked
compartment. During counseling, it was emphasized that the gun locks should
be used as an adjunct, not an alternative, to safe storage.
This project demonstrated effectiveness, unlike the 2 previously published
studies14, 15 that evaluated firearm
safety counseling programs, probably because individuals self-selected into
the study and were, thus, somewhat motivated to learn and change their storage
behaviors. The program's success was also likely because of the following:
(1) it took place in a community setting; (2) unlike in a primary care setting,
where generally women take children to appointments, we were able to attract
men, the actual gun owners; (3) we provided "tailored" counseling; (4) we
did not have time limitations for participant counseling; and (5) it was preceded
by a multimedia campaign using high-profile community professionals. Participants
were also given gun locks—free of charge—to eliminate a financial
barrier that may not be accomplished by discount coupons for safety devices
used in other programs.16 Finally, our outcome
was an improvement in storage patterns, rather than a change in gun ownership.
We found that few participants were willing to get rid of the firearms.
Participants with children were more likely to leave guns unlocked and
loaded, a result seen in other studies8 examining
households in the South, but were also more likely to change their storage
habits after counseling than participants without children and were the only
participants to dispose of firearms. These findings emphasize the potentially
valuable role of pediatricians working along with other health care and public
health professionals, counseling participants, parents or not, in a community-based
setting. Because of the significant finding in this and other studies that
gun owners with children are more likely to practice unsafe storage practices,
pediatrician advocacy for community-based programs and advising parent participation
in such programs may be important. Although ownership of firearms for protection
was a predominant theme, it was interesting that few participants reported
obtaining any formal firearms training or installing a home security system.
A limitation of this study is that it involved a small number of participants
in a single county. There was no comparison group, although it is unlikely
that changes of this magnitude occurred so quickly from secular change. By
studying changes in storage practices with the least-secured gun, if more
than one was owned (which was the case with most participants), the study
results are probably skewed to show less change in behavior as a result of
the intervention. The data are entirely based on participants' self-reports,
and the possibility exists that the safety counseling program could have prompted
socially desirable responses at follow-up. Follow-ups using home inspection
visits are needed to exclude this possibility. Even if participants accurately
report their storage practices, inspections by trained staff may nevertheless
be necessary to ensure correct use of the gun lock. Although the keyed cable
gun lock is relatively easy to use, the same can be said of child safety seats,
which are used incorrectly by approximately 80% of well-intentioned parents.24 Also, this program only measured short-term (6-12
months) behavioral change. It will be important to determine if safe storage
of firearms will be maintained in the long-term.
The gun lock distribution program we conducted had several features
typically absent from most gun lock distribution programs. Each participant
received tailored firearm safety counseling provided by firearm safety counselors
trained through a certified program and based on the participant's risk factors
and gun storage habits. The distribution program was conducted in a nonthreatening
environment, an outdoor shopping mall, rather than a police station, courthouse,
police firing range, or other law enforcement setting that may inhibit some
gun owners. Distribution in a community setting rather than a primary care
setting allows for improved access for individuals who do not have access
to primary care. Police officers demonstrated correct use of the gun lock
on firearms similar or identical to those of the participants and then watched
while the participants tried installing the gun lock. Our program also provided
follow-up and continued educational support and reinforcement through the
telephone interviews and letters at 6 months and the T-shirt they received.
CONCLUSIONS
These data suggest that a community-wide awareness program using a high-profile,
multimedia, public education campaign; tailored firearm safety counseling;
and gun lock distribution with a demonstration of proper use promoted reports
of safer firearm storage and use of gun locks among participants. Gun owners
will ask friends, family, and neighbors about gun ownership and storage once
they are educated about the prevalence of gun ownership and the epidemiology
of firearm injury. Longer follow-up, validation of self-reports of safer storage
practices, verification of correct use of the gun lock, rigorous product testing
of gun locks, and monitoring of firearm injury rates in areas with large-scale
gun lock distribution programs and in comparison areas are needed to establish
the public health potential of this approach.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Accepted for publication January 19, 2001.
This study was supported by grants from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation,
Princeton, NJ (through the Minority Medical Faculty Development Program) (Dr
Coyne-Beasley); and the William T. Grant Foundation, New York, NY (through
the Faculty Scholars Program) (Dr Coyne-Beasley).
Presented at the meeting of the Pediatric Academic Societies, Boston,
Mass, May 14, 2000; and the meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics,
Washington, DC, October 9, 1999.
We thank Sergeant William Mayfield, of the local law enforcement agency,
for his leadership role in this program; Carol W. Runyan, PhD, Arthur Kellermann,
MD, MPH, and Luenda E. Charles, PhD, for valuable assistance and comments;
and the Naples, Fla, Police Department for the use of the slogan, "Love Our
Kids, Lock Your Guns."
From the Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine (Dr Coyne-Beasley),
Epidemiology (Dr Schoenbach), and Health Behavior and Health Education (Ms
Johnson), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Corresponding author and reprints: Tamera Coyne-Beasley, MD, MPH,
Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7225, Wing C, Medical School, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7225
(e-mail: coybea{at}med.unc.edu).
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