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A Physical Activity Screening Measure for Use With Adolescents in Primary Care
Judith J. Prochaska, MS;
James F. Sallis, PhD;
Barbara Long, MD, MPH
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155:554-559.
ABSTRACT
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Objective To develop a reliable and valid physical activity screening measure
for use with adolescents in primary care settings.
Study Design We conducted 2 studies to evaluate the test-retest reliability and concurrent
validity of 6 single-item and 3 composite measures of physical activity. Modifications
were based on the findings of the 2 studies, and a best measure was evaluated
in study 3. Accelerometer data served as the criterion standard for tests
of validity.
Results In study 1 (N = 250; mean age, 15 years; 56% female; 36% white), reports
on the composite measures were most reliable. In study 2 (N = 57; mean age,
14 years; 65% female; 37% white), 6 of the 9 screening measures correlated
significantly with accelerometer data. Subjects, however, had great difficulty
reporting bouts of activity and distinguishing between intensity levels. Instead,
we developed a single measure assessing accumulation of 60 minutes of moderate
to vigorous physical activity. Evaluated in study 3 (N = 148; mean age, 12
years; 65% female; 27% white), the measure was reliable (intraclass correlation,
0.77) and correlated significantly (r = 0.40, P<.001) with accelerometer data. Correct classification
(63%), sensitivity (71%), and false-positive rates (40%) were reasonable.
Conclusion The "moderate to vigorous physical activity" screening measure is recommended
for clinical practice with adolescents.
INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH SUPPORTS the benefits of physical activity in young people,
for health both in adolescence and later in adulthood.1, 2, 3
Healthy People 2010 recommends vigorous physical activity (VPA) for at least
20 minutes at a time, 3 times per week, and accumulation of at least 30 minutes
per day of moderate physical activity (MPA) most days of the week.4 Guidelines specifically developed for youth recommend
accumulation of 60 minutes of moderate or greater intensity activity on most
days of the week.5, 6
National survey data of adolescents in grades 9 through 12 indicate
that 65% meet the vigorous and 27% meet the 30-minute moderate physical activity
guidelines.7 Girls, ethnic minorities, and
older youth are less likely to meet the recommendations. National prevalence
data, however, are based on self-report measures of questionable validity.
When more objective measures are used (eg, heart rate monitor and electronic
monitor), estimates of the proportion of youth meeting the guidelines drop
dramatically.8 At this time, no data are available
for the 60-minute MPA guideline. Most young people could benefit from increasing
their participation in physical activity.
The American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of Pediatrics,
the American College of Sports Medicine, and the American Medical Association
recommend physical activity counseling for children and adolescents.9 Healthy People 2010 objective 1-3 is to increase the
proportion of individuals appropriately counseled about health behaviors.4 Most adolescents (70%) visit a physician at least
once a year,10 and for health information,
adolescents report relying most on parents and physicians.11, 12
It is estimated that less than one third of patients aged 6 to 17 years receive
counseling on physical activity from their primary care providers.13
To guide physical activity counseling, accurate and reproducible screening
measures are needed. For the clinical setting, the measures must also be brief
enough to be practical, assess targeted behaviors, and yield clinically useful
scores. The purpose is not to comprehensively assess individuals' physical
activity habits, but rather to identify individuals not meeting the guidelines
who could benefit from counseling. In research and clinical practice, self-report
has typically been the method of choice with older children.14
However, there are no validated self-report measures for youth that are brief
and specific enough for use in primary care.15
This article describes the process of developing a reliable and valid physical
activity screening measure for use with adolescents in primary care settings.
We present data from 3 separate studies.
STUDY 1
In study 1, we examined test-retest reliability of 9 measures of physical
activity. Test-retest reliability indicates temporal stability, or how constant
scores remain from one testing occasion to another.16
A measure with minimal random variation is desired. Physical activity behaviors
are, however, expected to demonstrate some natural variation over time.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Study Participants
Subjects were recruited from required classes in 2 high schools and
2 middle schools in San Diego, Calif, and Pittsburgh, Pa. The study protocol
received approval for use of human subjects. Students had to provide assent,
obtain passive parental consent (1 school required written parental consent),
and speak English. Participation in the study was 79%, with lower participation
at the school requiring active (55%) vs passive (90%) parental consent. Of
278 subjects, 250 completed assessments at both time points. Mean age of the
sample was 14.6 years (SD, 1.4 years); 56% were female. Ethnic distribution
was white (36%), Asian/Pacific Islander (25%), African American (17%), Hispanic
(9%), and other (13%).
Measures
Vigorous physical activity measures corresponded with national guidelines
and were based on items from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey.17
Two single-item measures assessed the number of days individuals had engaged
in bouts of VPA for at least 20 minutes at a time during the past 7 days and
for a typical week. Vigorous physical activity was
defined as "usually makes you breathe hard or feel tired most of the time"
and examples were provided: jogging, soccer, and "aggressive" skateboarding.
The 2 items were also averaged to form a composite measure. The measures yielded
a score of days per week the adolescent engaged in 20-minute bouts of VPA.
Three or more days per week met the guideline.
Moderate physical activity measures assessed accumulated activity for
2 durations (30 and 60 minutes) and 2 reference periods (past 7 days and typical
week). Moderate physical activity was defined as
"usually makes you breathe hard or feel tired some of the time" and examples
were provided: brisk walking, weight lifting, and yard work. For each duration
period, reports for the past 7 days and a typical week were averaged to form
a composite measure. The measures yielded a score of days per week the adolescent
accumulated the specified minutes of MPA. Five or more days per week met the
guidelines.
The demographic measure assessed age, sex, and ethnicity.
Procedure
The measures were initially piloted with a small sample of adolescents
(n = 6), diverse in age, reading level, and ethnicity. In study 1, subjects
completed the measures twice at an approximate interval of 2 weeks. Students
completed the surveys at school, supervised by research staff.
Statistical Methods
We analyzed data for the full sample and for boys and girls within younger
(grades 7-8) and older (grades 9-12) age groups separately. A multivariate
general linear model tested differences on the measures by age, sex, and race.
One-way model intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) evaluated reliability
at the item level. We also computed  statistics to evaluate the measures'
reliability for classifying subjects as meeting or not meeting guidelines.18 Landis and Koch19
interpret values of as follows: less than 0%, poor; 0% to 20%, slight;
21% to 40%, fair; 41% to 60%, moderate; 61% to 80%, substantial; and 81% to
100%, almost perfect.
RESULTS
Descriptive Statistics
Physical activity scores for the full sample are summarized in Table 1. Scores were similar for typical-week
and past-7-days reference periods. Reports were much lower on the 60-minute
than the 30-minute MPA measure. There were significant differences in reports
by sex (F6,233 = 4.93; P = .001) and race
(F21,623 = 2.37; P = .001) but not age.
On all 9 measures, boys reported significantly more physical activity than
girls, and white and Asian/Pacific Islander students reported greater physical
activity than students of other races.
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Table 1. Descriptive Statistics and Test-Retest Reliability for Physical
Activity Measures*
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Test-Retest Reliabilities
There was no consistent trend in the strength of reliabilities when
analyzed by age or sex. Reliability statistics for the full sample are summarized
in Table 1. Reliability was strengthened
with the composite measures. The VPA (ICC, 0.76) and 60-minute MPA (ICC, 0.79)
composite measures had the strongest reliabilities. The statistics
ranged from 45% to 61%. Only the 60-minute MPA composite reached the criterion
to be considered substantial ( = 61%).
STUDY 2
In study 2, we examined concurrent validity of the measures. The greatest
obstacle to validating physical activity assessments has been the lack of
an adequate criterion standard.20 Recently
developed electronic accelerometers offer the advantage of storing minute-by-minute
activity levels. Detailed data on frequency and intensity of physical activity
can now be compared with self-reports. The Computer Science and Applications
(CSA, Shalimar, Fla) accelerometer has been validated for youth21, 22
and is a suitable criterion measure. In addition to testing simple correlations,
we explored use of the screening measures for identifying individuals not
meeting physical activity guidelines.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Study Participants
Study 2 was conducted in the San Diego schools involved in study 1.
Half of the sample had participated in study 1. Active consent and assent
were required. Of 62 subjects, 57 had sufficient CSA data to be included in
analyses. Mean age of the sample was 13.9 years (SD, 1.7 years); 37 (65%)
were female. Ethnic distribution was white subjects (21 subjects [37%]), Asian/Pacific
Islander (14 [25%]), Hispanic (7 [12%]), African American (2 [4%]), and other
(13 [23%]). (Percentages have been rounded and may not total 100.)
Measures
Content, administration, and scoring of the physical activity and demographic
measures were identical to those described in study 1.
The CSA activity monitor (model 7164) is a small (5.1 x 3.8 x
1.5 cm), durable, lightweight (45 g), uniaxial accelerometer measuring integrated
accelerations in the vertical plane. The CSA has been shown to be a valid
tool for quantifying children's activity levels in laboratory and field settings;
correlations with heart rate monitoring range from 0.50 to 0.74.21, 22
Limitations of the CSA monitor include the following: (1) it is uniaxial and
thus underestimates activities that produce little vertical trunk movement
(eg, bicycling), and (2) it is not waterproof and cannot assess activities
performed in the water. This study used the CSA's summed magnitude mode, considered
to reflect the duration, frequency, and intensity of activity. Assessments
were made at a 1-minute sampling interval.
Procedure
Subjects wore a CSA monitor on their right hip, secured to an elastic
belt, for 7 days. Subjects were instructed to wear the monitor at all times,
except when sleeping, showering, or swimming. During the assessment period,
research staff called subjects to record any physical activities not well
assessed by the monitor. At the end of the week, subjects completed the self-report
measures.
Statistical Methods
The CSA data were downloaded to a personal computer. A Q-basic software
program developed by Trost and colleagues22
calculated total minutes per day spent in MPA and VPA. Physical activity intensities
were defined as 3.00 to 5.99 METs for moderate and 6 METs or more for vigorous,
where 1 MET is the metabolic equivalent of an individual sitting at rest.
The program is calibrated on the basis of laboratory studies of oxygen consumption
during treadmill locomotion with youth 6 to 17 years old.23
The equation adjusts for subject's age and sex. The program also calculates
the number of 20-minute bouts of VPA.
We considered a day with less than 8 hours of recorded activity as missing
and required 5 days of CSA data for analyses. We calculated average minutes
of VPA and MPA per day. We also created adjusted CSA variables based on subjects'
reports of time spent in activities not well assessed by the CSA (eg, bicycling)
or done while the accelerometer was not worn (eg, swimming). For analysis
of correct classification, we calculated number of days subjects engaged in
20-minute bouts of VPA and accumulated 30 minutes and 60 minutes of MPA. The
CSA data were entered into SPSS version 8.0 statistical software (SPSS Inc,
Chicago, Ill).24
We evaluated validity in 3 steps. First, Pearson correlations tested
the association between self-report and accelerometer data. Second, we directly
compared self-report values with CSA data. Last, we calculated classification
rates for measures with the strongest validity coefficients. Subjects were
coded as meeting or not meeting guidelines on the basis of CSA and self-report
data. For VPA, we had to use a less stringent criterion than the traditional
guideline because so few subjects engaged in extended bouts of activity at
this intensity. A guideline of accumulating 60 minutes or more of VPA for
the week was chosen. For the self-report measures, cutoff points were 3 or
more days a week for VPA and 5 or more days a week for MPA. We calculated
the correct classification rate as a proportion of agreement between the self-report
measure and the CSA for classifying subjects with respect to the guidelines.
We calculated sensitivity as the proportion of subjects not meeting the guideline
on the basis of CSA data similarly classified by the self-report measure and
the false-positive rate as the proportion of subjects meeting the guideline
on the basis of CSA data but identified as not meeting the guideline by the
self-report measure.
RESULTS
Validity Correlations
Correlations were significant for the VPA and the 60-minute MPA measures,
but not for the 30-minute MPA measures (Table 2). Correlations ranged from 0.20 to 0.46 and were strongest
for the composite measures. Scatterplots did not reveal correlations to be
obviously affected by outliers. Adjusting CSA data with subject-reported physical
activity did not improve correlation results.
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Table 2. Validity Correlation Coefficients for Self-report Measures
With CSA Data*
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Descriptive Statistics
The sample averaged 11 minutes of VPA and 71 minutes of MPA on the basis
of CSA data. Standard deviations were large, in many cases larger than the
mean values, indicating great variability among subjects. Very few subjects
met the VPA guideline of 20-minute bouts (only 3 of 57 subjects). If the guideline
allowed for accumulation of VPA, 35% of subjects (20/57) would meet the guideline
of 60 minutes or more per week. Five subjects (9%) met the 60-minute MPA guideline.
In contrast, 45 (79%) and 14 (25%) of the sample self-reported meeting
guidelines for VPA and MPA, respectively. Descriptive statistics showed notable
differences between self-report and CSA data. For the VPA composite measure,
subjects overreported participation a mean of 3.3 days per week. Subjects
overreported participation in MPA, but the differences were less—a mean
of 1.4 days per week for both MPA composite measures.
Classification Rates
Measures with the strongest validity data were evaluated for correct
classification rates. For the 60-minute MPA composite, the correct classification
rate (78%) and sensitivity (80%) were good; the false-positive rate was 40%.
Sensitivity (38%) and the correct classification rate (58%) were low for the
VPA composite because of problems with overreporting. The false-positive rate
was 0%. A potential alternative could be to assess general physical activity
(ie, moderate to vigorous physical activity [MVPA]) instead of VPA and MPA
separately. Accumulation of 60 minutes of MVPA corresponds with recent recommendations
for youth physical activity.5, 6
We correlated the 60-minute MPA composite with minutes of MVPA assessed by
the CSA monitor. Correlation and classification data were not as strong as
with CSA minutes of MPA, but the relationship was significant (r = 0.38; P = .003). Correct classification
rate (70%) and sensitivity (83%) were reasonable; the false-positive rate
(67%) was high.
STUDY 3
On the basis of the findings from studies 1 and 2, we modified our assessment
strategy to better match the types and patterns of youth physical activity.
In study 2, the 60-minute MPA composite out-performed all other measures and
significantly correlated with minutes of MVPA assessed by the CSA monitor.
For study 3, we modified the measure to assess participation in physical activity
broadly, without specification of intensity levels. The refined 60-min MVPA
measure was incorporated into the PACE+ (Patient-Centered Assessment and Counseling
for Exercise Plus Nutrition) physical activity computer-based intervention.25 Baseline measures permitted evaluation of test-retest
reliability and concurrent validity. All subjects completed the measure in
a paper-based survey and on the computer.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Study Participants
Study 3 was conducted in the San Diego middle school involved in studies
1 and 2. Two years had passed, so none of the students had participated in
the previous studies. Active consent and assent were required. The study sample
consisted of 138 subjects (65% female) with a mean age of 12.1 years (SD,
0.9 year). Ethnic distribution was white (27%), Asian/Pacific Islander (24%),
Hispanic (5%), African American (7%), multiracial (23%), and other (14%).
Measures
The MVPA measure assessed the number of days subjects had accumulated
60 minutes of MVPA during the past 7 days and for a typical week. The measure
defined physical activity broadly as "increases your heart rate and makes
you get out of breath some of the time" and did not specify intensity. A composite
average of the 2 items yielded a score of days per week the adolescent accumulated
60 minutes of MVPA. Five or more days per week met the guideline.
The CSA monitor was the comparison measure for assessing concurrent
validity.
Procedures
Subjects wore the CSA on their right hip on a standard belt provided
for the study. Subjects wore the CSA every day, all day, for a 5-day period.
The CSA monitoring occurred the week before completion of the MVPA composite.
Subjects completed the paper-based survey individually, in a group setting,
supervised by research staff. Subjects completed the same measure on a computer
either the same day or up to 1 month after completion of the paper version.
Statistical Methods
We evaluated reliability between the paper-based survey and the retest
on the computer. We examined differences in reliability by time to retest
both by adding time as a covariate to ICC analyses and by running analyses
separately for 4 retest subgroups: same day, 24-hour retest, 1 to 6 days,
and 1 week or more. We also examined reliability of the measure for classifying
subjects with respect to physical activity guidelines. We calculated
statistics for the full sample and for subgroups based on time to retest.
We analyzed CSA data by means of the Q-basic program to yield minutes
of MVPA accumulated in a day. We considered days with less than 8 hours of
recorded activity as missing and required a minimum of 5 days of data for
validity analyses. We correlated CSA mean minutes of MVPA with the 60-minute
MVPA composite. We calculated sex-specific correlations. Since the CSA assessment
did not cover a full week, it was not possible to determine whether subjects
were meeting the guideline of 5 or more days per week. For correct classification
rates, we used mean minutes of MVPA per day with a cutoff point of 60 minutes.
RESULTS
Descriptive Statistics
Scores on the 60-minute MVPA composite ranged from 0 to 7, with a mean
of 4.8 (SD, 2.0) days per week. More than half (53%) of the sample reported
meeting the guideline of 5 or more days per week. Boys (mean, 5.2; SD, 1.8)
reported engaging in more physical activity than girls (mean, 4.5; SD, 2.0)
(F1,137 = 3.96; P = .049). The measure
correlated negatively with age (r = -0.27; P = .007).
Ninety-nine subjects had 5 or more days of CSA data. The sample averaged
85 minutes (SD, 30 minutes) of MVPA per day (range, 11-162 minutes). Boys
(mean, 100 minutes; SD, 30 minutes) were more active than girls (mean, 77;
SD, 27) (F1,97 = 16.36; P<.001). Age
negatively correlated with CSA data (r = -0.39; P<.001). A majority of the sample (79%) averaged at
least 60 minutes per day of MVPA.
Reliability
For the full sample, the ICC was 0.77. With time to retest as a covariate,
the ICC was 0.76. Reliabilities ranged from ICC = 0.88 for a same-day retest
(n = 42) to ICC = 0.53 for a retest at up to 1 month (n = 31). The overall
statistic (61%) was substantial. The values ranged from 84% for a
same-day retest to 36% for a retest at up to 1 month.
Validity
The 60-minute MVPA composite correlated significantly with CSA data
(r = 0.40; P<.001). The
association was stronger for boys (r = 0.42; P = .01; n = 36) than for girls (r
= 0.32; P = .01; n = 63). There were no problems
with outliers. Intraclass correlation was 0.77 (n = 138; = 61%). Correct
classification rate for the full sample was 63%, with 71% sensitivity, and
a 40% false-positive rate.
COMMENT
We conducted 3 studies with the objective of creating a reliable and
valid measure of adolescent physical activity. In studies 1 and 2, we evaluated
9 measures. Subjects provided reliable reports on the measures but had difficulty
estimating participation in continuous bouts of activity and distinguishing
between intensity levels. While accelerometers may not capture all activity
performed, even when self-reported log data were used, errors in reporting
remained large. Findings from the current study are consistent with those
of other objective monitoring studies that have found that few young people
engage in continuous 20-minute bouts of physical activity.8, 26
From these findings, we created a single measure assessing accumulation of
MVPA. The measure is consistent with recent recommendations for youth to accumulate
60 minutes of MVPA on most days of the week.5, 6
Study 3 evaluated reliability and validity of this measure.
Reliability (ICC = 0.77) and validity (r =
0.40) of the 60-minute MVPA measure were comparable to those reported in the
literature. In a recent review of 17 self-report instruments for youth physical
activity, reliabilities ranged from 0.60 to 0.98, with stronger reliability
observed for same-day retests.15 Validity correlations
ranged widely from 0.02 to 0.88; only 2 measures had correlations above 0.50.15 Correlations provide an indication of relative validity.
Few studies have examined validity of a screening measure for correctly classifying
subjects. The correct classification rate (63%), sensitivity (71%), and false-positive
rate (40%) of the 60-minute MVPA measure were reasonable. Physical activity
counseling is low risk and can potentially benefit all. For clinical screening,
we considered sensitivity more important than the false-positive rate. The
60-minute MVPA composite is a reasonable method for assessing participation
in overall physical activity and for assessing achievement of current guidelines.
We conducted 3 studies to evaluate the reliability and validity of multiple
self-report measures of youth physical activity. The sample in study 1 was
large and drawn from 2 geographically distinct areas. Samples in all 3 studies
were ethnically diverse and represented different developmental levels. The
findings support use of the measures with youth diverse with respect to age,
sex, and race. The validity studies used an objective physical activity comparison
measure, and measures were evaluated for screening individuals in relation
to clinically relevant health guidelines. These are among the few studies
of youth self-report measures to validate reports of absolute amount of physical
activity.15
A final single measure, the 60-minute MVPA screening measure, is recommended
for clinical practice (Figure 1).
The screening measure has been incorporated into the PACE+ computer-mediated
physical activity program for adolescents in primary care.25
The measure is brief and easy to score, and it yields clinically meaningful
scores. The measure provides a reliable estimate of adolescents' physical
activity behavior and correlates significantly with an objective measure of
physical activity. As this article demonstrates, measurement development is
an iterative process, with measures being modified, evaluated, and refined.
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Sixty-minute screening measure for moderate to vigorous physical
activity: PACE+ (Patient-Centered Assessment and Counseling for Exercise Plus
Nutrition).
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AUTHOR INFORMATION
Accepted for publication November 3, 2000.
Studies 1 and 2 were supported by a student oncology grant from the
American Cancer Society California Division, Oakland, Calif. Study 3 was supported
by a predoctoral psychosocial fellowship from the American Cancer Society
California Division, Oakland, and a dissertation grant from the American College
of Sports Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind.
We thank Rene Carreño, Corina Fischer, Diane Wade, Miki Watanabe,
David Cohen, and Béatrice Schmid, MA, for help with data collection
and data entry for the 3 studies.
Presented at the annual meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine,
Seattle, Wash, June 4, 1999.
From the Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology at San Diego
State University and University of California, San Diego (Ms Prochaska); Department
of Psychology, San Diego State University (Dr Sallis); and Division of Adolescent
Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California,
San Francisco (Dr Long).
Corresponding author: Judith J. Prochaska, MS, San Diego State University,
6363 Alvarado Ct, Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92120 (e-mail: prochask{at}sunstroke.sdsu.edu).
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Glasgow et al.
Ann Fam Med 2005;3:73-81.
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