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R. K. Vasishta, MD, FRCPath; Nandita Kakkar, MD; P. Singhi, MD; A. K. Banjerjee, MD, FRCPath
From the Departments of Histopathology (Drs Vasishta, Kakkar, and Banjerjee) and Pediatrics (Dr Singhi), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.

Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155:517-518.

A 1-YEAR-OLD BOY had a history of fever, poor feeding, lethargy, and irritability for 1 month. Computed tomographic scans of the head revealed a right infratentorial hyperdense irregular cystic mass with hydrocephalus (Figure 1). Cerebrospinal fluid revealed no leukocytes; protein, 40 g/L; glucose, 4.4 mmol/L (blood glucose, 5.5 mmol/L); and negative findings from Gram stain and sterile culture. A clinical diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis with tuberculoma and hydrocephalus was made. Shunt surgery was performed, but the infant had a cardiac arrest. A brain autopsy was performed (Figure 2, Figure 3, and Figure 4).

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Diagnosis and Discussion: Cystic Desmoplastic Medulloblastoma of Infancy

Figure 1. Cystic tumor (6 x 5 x 4.5 cm) in the right cerebellum. The largest cyst measures 3 cm in diameter and is filled with greenish fluid.

Figure 2. Undifferentiated areas composed of cells with small hyperchromatic nuclei and inconspicuous cytoplasm. The cells are arranged in cords and trabeculae (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification x280).

Figure 3. Marked desmoplasia with connective tissue encircling single cells or groups of cells (reticulin stain, original magnification x550).

Figure 4. Scattered ganglion cells in a fibrotic background (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification x280).

At autopsy, the brain weighed 955 g. The right cerebellum contained a cystic tumor measuring 6 x 5 cm. Medulloblastomas are dense small cell tumors. They are heterogeneous but as a group are known for small hyperchromatic condensed nuclei and inconspicuous cytoplasm. There are several classifications: undifferentiated, neuroblastic differentiation, glial differentiation, mixed glial neuronal differentiation, and divergent differentiation.¹ The desmoplastic variant of cerebellar medulloblastoma² formerly identified by some workers as an arachnoidal cerebellar sarcoma^3-5 is a superficial well-circumscribed form of medulloblastomas that predominantly occurs in young adults. Desmoplastic medulloblastoma has less nodularity compared with the other counterparts and a higher content of reticulin surrounding single cells or groups of cells. Abundance of connective tissue lends firmness to the tumor. The unique features of this case include (1) multiple cysts; (2) marked desmoplasia in a 1-year-old child; and (3) three types of clear-cut areas with abrupt transition: undifferentiated areas, mesenchymal areas with ganglion cells, and transition areas with follicular architecture (ie, pale islands).

Differential diagnosis of this tumor includes other cystic tumors and morphologically, desmoplastic tumors. Other differential diagnoses include (1) desmoplastic cerebral astrocytoma of infancy, (2) desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma, (3) pilocytic astrocytoma of cerebellum, and (4) hemangioblastoma.

Desmoplastic cerebral astrocytoma of infancy^6-8 is a superficially situated, supratentorial glioma. Grossly, the lesion appears as a large, firm, globular mass, densely adherent to the surface of the brain. A distinctive feature is the intense desmoplasia that imparts a fibrotic appearance. Scattered elongated glial cells, strongly positive for glial fibrillary acid protein, are seen. No ganglion cells are seen. Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma^9-10 are supratentorial, superficially situated cystic tumors. Microscopically they show collagenous rich tissue of varying cellularity with an appearance of a neurofibroma. Ganglion cells are plump, small to medium sized, and mixed with glial cells or isolated within the desmoplastic tissue. The neuronal nature of these cells is suggested by their roundness, vesicular nuclei, variably prominent nucleoli, and Nissl substance. The spindle cells are strongly positive for glial fibrillary acid protein.

Pilocytic astrocytoma of the cerebellum can be seen as a mural nodule within a cyst. Despite gross circumscription, they permeate the surrounding tissue, particularly the white matter for some distance involving the overlying leptomeninges. They occur in the second decade of life. Microscopically stellate astrocytes in microcystic regions, Rosenthal fibers, and eosinophilic granular bodies are seen.

Hemangioblastomas, another cystic tumor of the cerebellum, are seen in adults and are dark red or yellow. A network of dilated vessels with variably lipidized stromal cells is seen microscopically. This tumor morphologically showed 3 types of clear-cut areas: undifferentiated areas, fibrotic areas with ganglion cells, and transition areas with follicular architecture (ie, pale islands) along with multiple cysts and marked desmoplasia.

AUTHOR INFORMATION
Accepted for publication July 7, 2000.

Reprints: R. K. Vasishta, MD, FRCPath, Department of Histopathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh–160012, India.

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