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Consultations for Holistic Pediatric Services for Inpatients and Outpatient Oncology Patients at a Children's Hospital
Kathi J. Kemper, MD, MPH;
Wendy L. Wornham, MD
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155:449-454.
ABSTRACT
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Background As demand increases for complementary and alternative medical care,
pediatric institutions face the need to answer patients' and clinicians' questions
about integrating these therapies in hospital settings.
Objective To describe the first year of experience in providing holistic medicine
consultations in an urban tertiary care teaching hospital.
Design Prospective cohort.
Subjects Patients seeking consultation from the Center for Holistic Pediatric
Education and Research, Boston, Mass, from July 16, 1999, to July 15, 2000.
Methods Review of consultation notes and medical records.
Results Of the 70 physician consultations, most (n = 43) were for oncology patients.
Most consultations (n = 44) were accomplished with a single visit. The most
common goal for consultation was to obtain help in managing symptoms such
as nausea, pain, insomnia, or agitation (n = 50). The most common questions
about specific therapies had to do with herbs (n = 41) or dietary supplements
(n = 42), but there were also frequent questions about diet and nutrition
(n = 33) and mind-body therapies such as guided imagery and biofeedback (n
= 28) and massage (n = 25). Approximately 0.3 full-time equivalents of physician
time was required to provide clinical consultations, and $7315 was collected
of the $26 638 billed for these services.
Conclusions The complementary medicine consultation service was primarily consulted
by oncology patients requesting assistance with pain and symptom management.
Patients had questions about various therapies, particularly herbs and dietary
supplements. Additional research is necessary to determine the cost-effectiveness
of an integrated approach to care, particularly for institutions without access
to reliable community resources for complementary and alternative medical
therapies.
INTRODUCTION
THE USE OF complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies is
common and increasing in pediatric populations, particularly among the affluent
and educated.1 Approximately 20% to 30% of
general pediatric outpatients report having used 1 or more CAM therapies1, 2; use among adolescents, such as those
undergoing sports physicals and those attending clinics for homeless youth,
ranges from 50% to 75%.3, 4 Rates
of CAM therapy use among patients with chronic, recurrent, or incurable conditions,
such as those with cancer, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and cystic fibrosis,
range from 30% to 70%5, 6, 7;
rates are also high in specific cultural groups and recent immigrants.8 Parents of hospitalized children, particularly those
in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units, report keen interest in providing
CAM care to their children during hospitalization, but often have not discussed
their interest in or use of CAM care with their child's physician.9, 10, 11
Despite physicians' limited formal training in CAM care, surveys from
the late 1990s indicated that most primary care physicians personally use,
make referrals to, and have positive attitudes toward alternative providers.12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22
The only study,23 to our knowledge, addressing
pediatricians' attitudes toward CAM therapies found that more than half of
the responding pediatricians reported talking with their patients about CAM
therapies and personally using and referring patients for CAM therapies. However,
many clinicians are concerned about the safety and effectiveness of using
CAM therapies for children and particularly about combining CAM therapies
with conventional care. This concern is heightened for the sickest and most
vulnerable children, such as those hospitalized in tertiary care centers.
Little is known about pediatric inpatients' needs and interest in receiving
consultation regarding CAM services.
In July 1999, we established an inpatient consultation service to address
questions about CAM therapies for children and adolescents hospitalized at
Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass. As an academic program, our primary goals
were to generate research questions about the costs and effectiveness of CAM
therapies and to educate the house staff, hospital attending staff, nurses,
pharmacists, and nutritionists about specific therapies and resources. Clinically,
we also wanted to know the number and type of patients who would seek such
consultation; the initial questions, resources, and referrals raised by patients,
families, and attending staff; the range of topics discussed during consultations;
and the CAM therapies that were encouraged or discouraged as a result of our
consultation. As a practical matter, we wanted to know whether such a consultation
service could be financially self-supporting. This article describes our assessment
of the first year of experience in the hope that this information would be
helpful to others who might consider implementing such a service.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
In response to patient and physician demand, we planned to begin offering
consultations by general pediatric attending physicians in July 1999. In preparation,
a community pediatrician with a strong interest and background in mind-body
therapies and yoga (W.L.W.) was hired in May 1999 at 0.3 full-time equivalents.
During the first 4 months, she read extensively and met with local community
CAM therapy providers to broaden her expertise. She also developed intake
questionnaires for patients and families and worked with the hospital billing
service to develop charge forms and to review claims submissions procedures.
The hospital staff were informed about the availability of the consultation
service through an e-mail message to all hospital division chiefs, asking
them to forward the information to all members of their staff. In response
to requests from specific specialty services and programs, the consultants
provided in-service training for nephrology, oncology, and gastroenterology
services and the hospital's Center for Families. Consultations were limited
to the inpatient services and the outpatient pediatric oncology clinic; no
separate clinic and no primary care services were offered. Consultations were
available only by physician order. Outreach and marketing efforts were intentionally
limited to ensure that we were able to meet the demand for consultations in
a timely and effective manner and that the patients' attending physicians
were aware of all consultation requests and advice.
When each consultation was requested, the following data were collected:
patient name, age, sex, medical record number, and primary diagnosis; admitting
service; and name of the attending physician requesting the consultation.
The family was also asked to complete a questionnaire before receiving the
actual consultation to clarify the goals and reasons for the consultation,
insurance information, current treatments, sources of support, and specific
therapies of interest. The baseline questionnaires were only available in
English. Because of early hospital discharges, memory lapses, and logistical
obstacles, not all families completed the questionnaire before being seen.
The key items in the questionnaire were discussed verbally during the initial
consultation and in follow-up visits when needed.
Although patients may have initially requested a consultation to answer
a question about an herbal remedy or dietary supplement, we probed in a systematic
fashion about potential interest in their overall goals and their interest
in other types of therapies (Table 1).
We were not consulted by any patient to discuss alternative diagnostic modalities
such as astrology, iridology, or psychic diagnosis. Therefore, our description
is limited to therapeutic modalities only.
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Table 1. Goals for Therapeutic Consultation
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Before starting the service and throughout the first year, we accumulated
a reference library of textbooks on complementary and alternative medicine,
particularly on herbs and dietary supplements. We also developed close working
relationships with our hospital librarian; the toxicology service; the Poison
Control Center, Boston; the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Allied Health
Sciences, Boston; and the New England School of Acupuncture, Watertown, Mass.
One of us (K.J.K.) had extensive training and experience in providing Therapeutic
Touch and Reiki (a bioenergetic healing technique similar to "laying on of
hands").
Billing for the consultations was provided and tracked through the Department
of Medicine billing office for physician services at Children's Hospital.
RESULTS
During the first 12 months, 42 physicians requested consultation for
81 patients. Of these, 3 patients were discharged before being seen (n = 2)
or refused consultation (n = 1); 8 consultations were for massage therapy
only. This report focuses on the remaining 70 patients who received a consultation
from a Center for Holistic Pediatric Education and Research physician. Twenty-seven
consultations were provided in the first 6 months, and 43 were provided in
the second 6-month period during which consultations were available.
Patients ranged in age from 4 months to 40 years (a woman with cystic
fibrosis) (mean and median age, 11 years); 36 (51%) of the patients were female.
Of the 70 patients, 43 (61%) were from the oncology unit; 6 (9%) had cystic
fibrosis. The remainder of the patients had diverse diagnoses such as asthma
(n = 3), renal disease (n = 3), congenital cardiac anomalies (n = 2), chronic
abdominal pain (n = 2), life-threatening infectious diseases (n = 2), reflex
sympathetic dystrophy (n = 1), epilepsy (n = 1), stroke (n = 1), and others.
No consultations were requested from the gastroenterology, dermatology, psychiatry,
or endocrinology units.
Altogether, the 70 patients received 131 visits. Forty-four consultations
(63%) were accomplished with 1 visit. There were 19 visits in the intensive
care unit, 83 on the inpatient wards, and 29 in outpatient clinics, of which
28 were in the pediatric oncology clinic.
The goals for consultation were often initially framed in terms of information
about a specific therapy, such as an herb. Additional discussion about the
overall goals of these therapies revealed 6 main types of goals (Table 1). Families could have had more
than 1 goal for the consultation. The most common goal was to help manage
symptoms, such as nausea, pain, anxiety, depression, insomnia, poor appetite,
and agitation. The second most frequent goal was for assistance in building
up the child's system, enhancing immune function, increasing strength or resilience,
or eliminating toxins. Three physicians requested assistance in dealing with
families who adamantly insisted on using alternative therapies or threatened
to leave the hospital; in all cases, consultation was effective in helping
physicians and families communicate their concerns and goals more effectively
and constructively.
Only 6 families asked for help in actually curing their child's condition;
these were all oncology patients for whom other therapies had failed. We were
unable to provide any alternative therapies that cured cancer, but were often
able to recommend or encourage parents to use simple measures such as massage
for relaxation or pain relief, acupressure or acupuncture for nausea, aloe
vera gel or chamomile tea to help soothe oral mucositis, and lavender aromatherapy
or music to help children relax. Parents uniformly expressed gratitude at
being empowered to do something to help their child, even in the face of an
incurable disease.
Patients were already using various therapies, and had questions about
many more (Table 2). Most were
taking medications, and all had primary care and specialist physicians; yet
7 of the families asked the Center for Holistic Pediatric Education and Research
consultant about additional medications.
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Table 2. Therapies Used by the 70 Families
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Fifty-six families (80%) had at least 1 question about an herb or dietary
supplement. Forty-two families asked about dietary supplements, such as multivitamins,
individual vitamins, calcium, coenzyme Q10, colloidal silver, creatine, IP-6,  3
or 6 fatty acids, honey, magnesium, methylsulfonylmethane, protein
supplements, selenium, vitamin O, and xylitol. Consultants often recommended
multivitamins and supported parents who chose to provide moderate supplemental
vitamin C, coenzyme Q10, and essential fatty acids, but typically recommended
that antioxidants not be provided within 48 to 72 hours of chemotherapy doses
or radiation therapy so as to avoid possible interference with therapies that
exert beneficial effects through oxidative reactions. Consultants discouraged
the use of protein powders, oral shark cartilage, methylsulfonylmethane, and
vitamin O.
Herbs of interest to families included Essiac, cat's claw, Noni juice, Astragalus, chamomile, echinacea, ginger, goldenseal, green
tea, milk thistle, and various Chinese herbs and mushrooms. Consultants recommended
herbs such as aloe (to soothe skin and mucous membranes), ginger (for nausea),
chamomile (as a mild sedative and anti-inflammatory agent), lavender aromatherapy
(as a mild sedative), milk thistle (to protect against hepatotoxicity), and
senna (as a laxative). For herbal cancer remedies, such as Essiac and cat's
claw, consultants provided evidence-based information from the Longwood Herbal
Task Force reviews (available at: http://www.mcp.edu/herbal) to
families and clinicians, but did not recommend them. Consultants strongly
recommended avoiding potentially dangerous herbs, such as Chinese patent medicines
and pokeweed. In some cases, a consultation might encourage the use of a benign
herb, such as chamomile, and for the same patient, discourage use of a potentially
toxic herb, such as pokeweed.
Forty-two families reported giving their child a special diet; in most
cases, this was simply an "extra healthy diet" rich in fruits and vegetables.
A few patients were on low-fat, low-salt, allergen-avoidance, or high-calorie
diets. Special diets of interest to families included the macrobiotic diet
(n = 3), the Gerson diet (n = 1), and the ketogenic diet (n = 1), but most
questions were for recommendations about dietary changes that would help "build
up" the child's immune system or overall health. Consultant recommendations
included increasing energy intake, for example by switching to whole milk;
other recommendations included increasing the intake of yogurt, high-protein
foods, cranberry juice, Japanese mushrooms, fruits and vegetables, fiber,
and whole grains. Four families were referred for consultation to the nutrition
service. Patients were discouraged from following a macrobiotic diet because
of the risk of inadequate intake of energy, protein, calcium, and other micronutrients.
Most families reported that the child was exercising, but few reported
any specific therapeutic exercise. Families frequently expressed interest
in exercise programs that would help build up the child's system or immunity
or help them regain self-confidence that had eroded from losing strength and
coordination after prolonged illness and isolation. Consultants frequently
recommended that fatigued patients or those who were immunosuppressed or had
dyspnea begin yoga or tai chi chuan in a small group setting or ride a stationary
bicycle for 5 minutes a few times daily and gradually increase as tolerated.
Three patients were referred to the physical therapy unit for assistance with
mobility and exercise.
A few patients reported using aromatherapy, magnets, ionizers, air filters,
heat packs, ice packs, cold baths, music, and fresh air as environmental strategies
to reduce symptoms, build resilience, and achieve a greater sense of peace.
Consultants encouraged the use of low-cost measures such as music, fresh air,
hot and cold packs, and aromatherapy, and informed families that data on benefits
were lacking for more expensive interventions such as mattresses imbedded
with magnets.
Fourteen patients were already using mind-body therapies to cope with
pain and/or stress. Twenty-eight of the parents were interested in additional
therapies such as guided imagery, hypnosis, and biofeedback. They were referred
to the consultation liaison psychiatry service at the hospital, to the psychologists
and social workers at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, or to outpatient
psychologists in their local area.
Fourteen patients had undergone massage therapy (usually in the form
of back rubs or foot rubs given by a parent) and 16 had seen a chiropractor.
Because so many parents wanted to learn more about providing massage to their
child, the hospital hired a nurse–massage therapist on a part-time basis
(0.2 full-time equivalents) in April 2000 to teach nurses and parents how
to provide brief therapeutic massage; subsequently, physicians could request
a massage consultation directly without a complementary medicine physician
consultation. Although 10 of the families asked us about chiropractic, none
asked for a referral; most were interested in our opinion about the safety
and effectiveness of chiropractic therapy in conjunction with their child's
ongoing medical care. We emphasized the low risk of adverse effects of chiropractic,
but cautioned families that little was known about the effectiveness of this
type of therapy for children with serious health problems such as those facing
their child and that insurance coverage for such services was variable. We
offered to facilitate communication between chiropractors caring for their
children and the medical specialists at our hospital, but were never called
on to do so.
Eight families had already tried acupuncture or acupressure for their
child, but many more were interested in its possible benefits. We recommended
acupuncture for 26 patients, primarily for relief from or prevention of nausea
and for pain management. Because of the increasing number of requests for
acupuncture therapy, the hospital hired a part-time acupuncturist (0.2 full-time
equivalents) in August 2000.
Families who wanted to pursue prayer or other forms of spiritual healing
were strongly encouraged to do so; 2 families who asked for a shaman were
referred to a local volunteer pastoral counselor who is also a Reiki master
and shaman. Sixteen patients had already undergone Reiki, Therapeutic Touch,
laying on of hands, or some other kind of spiritual healing, and 41 of the
families reported that prayer was an important part of how they were helping
their child and themselves. Reiki and/or Therapeutic Touch was provided by
one of us (K.J.K.) and/or one of several hospital nurses to the 27 (39%) of
the patients who requested it.
Twelve of the families reported having used homeopathy for their child,
and 13 had questions about homeopathy. Consultants assured families that homeopathy
was safe, and provided information about the lack of controlled trials evaluating
its effectiveness in treating children with serious medical conditions such
as cancer and cystic fibrosis.
Both of the physician consultants were engaged in numerous academic
activities and clinical services. Approximately 0.3 full-time equivalents
of physician time was consumed in consultation itself, gathering background
information, communicating with other health care providers caring for the
patients, and submitting and tracking billing. During the year, $26 638
was billed and $7315 (27%) was collected for all consultations. This collection
rate is similar to that of other medical specialists at our institution during
this period.
COMMENT
Despite the rapid growth in the use of CAM therapies by general pediatric
patients and by children with diverse medical problems, to our knowledge,
this is the first description of an inpatient consultation service to address
questions raised by the possible integration of complementary therapies with
conventional care. The service was established at a major academic children's
hospital in response to perceived need by patients and clinicians, although
the specific nature of questions to be addressed and the resources required
to respond to them were not specifically known at the outset.
Most referrals for consultation arose from the oncology service, but
patients with widely diverse diagnoses in different settings ranging from
outpatient clinics to the intensive care unit sought consultation. We also
received requests for consultation directly from families, from clinicians
outside the hospital, and from several outpatient clinics in Children's Hospital.
For philosophical and logistical reasons, we did not establish a separate
outpatient consultation clinic or accept direct requests from patients or
outside physicians. For administrative reasons, we largely limited outpatient
consultations at Children's Hospital to the oncology clinics.
Similar to the recent survey of CAM therapy use among pediatric oncology
patients, in our sample, the goals of families requesting consultation were
for help with symptom management (pain, anxiety, and sleep) and for help to
build up strength, build the immune system, or remove toxins.24, 25
The most common questions about specific therapies had to do with herbs and
other dietary supplements.26, 27, 28, 29
We were able to dissuade most families from using unregulated herbal remedies
while allowing the use of benign substances such as chamomile tea, ginger,
and aloe vera.30 Our experience points to a
clear need for physician education on this topic. Institutional pharmacy and
therapeutic committees will also need to develop policies regarding the following:
(a) inpatient use of a home supply of herbs or dietary
supplements, (b) systematically inquiring about patients'
use of supplements, (c) documenting and tracking
patient use of supplements, (d) noting and reporting
adverse events and interactions, and (e) providing
resources to hospital staff to respond to clinical questions about herbs and
supplements.
Many patients had already visited professional CAM care providers. Interestingly,
no families asked for a chiropractic referral despite the fact that chiropractic
is the most common outpatient professional CAM therapy for children.31 Most requests for professional CAM care were for
acupuncture, massage therapy, and mind-body therapies such as hypnosis, guided
imagery, and biofeedback.32, 33
Pediatric institutions who want to provide integrated services may want to
hire a psychologist, massage therapist, and acupuncturist on at least a part-time
basis; substantial time may be required to establish credentialling and billing
procedures for nonphysician providers.
Numerous families were also engaged in prayer healing, Reiki, Therapeutic
Touch, or other spiritual or bioenergetic healing practices or were interested
in receiving these services. Our rates may be higher than those reported by
other institutions in which physicians and nurses are not known to discuss
and provide such services. Nationally, thousands of nurses have been trained
in Therapeutic Touch, and increasing numbers of hospitals have policies and
procedures written for these practices. However, many physicians are unaware
that such resources are available and being provided in their institutions.
In retrospect, most consultation requests during the first year were
from the oncology service; patients' diagnoses ranged from those that are
relatively treatable (eg, acute lymphocytic leukemia) to those that are mostly
resistant to conventional therapies (eg, brain tumors). The non–oncology
patients had even more diverse diagnoses. Because of the heterogeneous sample
and small overall size, we did not perform comparative analyses of the amount
and types of CAM therapies sought by patients with different diagnoses. Future
studies of larger numbers of consultations from multiple institutions may
be helpful in delineating the kinds of CAM consultations and resources requested
by patients with different diagnoses.
Reimbursement for physician services was not equal to resources required
in the first year of consultation services; this is not unusual in academic
institutions or in any start-up enterprise. Overhead was low because no additional
examination rooms or nursing staff were required. Additional services might
have been requested if more intensive marketing had been done. In part, marketing
was intentionally limited to allow us to gain experience and expertise, establish
good communication and credibility in the hospital, respond to requests quickly,
and assure ourselves that our other academic duties would not be neglected.
Because of informal, "word of mouth" communication between families and clinicians
in the hospital and oncology clinics, consultation requests have steadily
increased over time.
Our experience may not be generalizable to nonacademic or community-based
institutions. Complementary and alternative medical therapy use tends to be
highest in patients who have severe, chronic, or incurable conditions such
as those found in tertiary care teaching hospitals. Our staff had some baseline
knowledge and experience that may not yet be widespread in the pediatric community.
Our community has extensive resources to help answer questions about specific
therapies such as acupuncture and herbs because of the presence of the New
England School of Acupuncture and the Center for Integrative Therapies in
Pharmaceutical Care at the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences.
We were unable to assess adequately the satisfaction of referring physicians
with the consultations provided. When we attempted to do so, most referring
attending physicians stated that they could not remember the patient or the
consultation, or said that a resident, fellow, or nurse had actually requested
the consultation and that they were unaware of the outcome of the consultation.
Among those physicians who did remember the consultation, all expressed gratitude
for the service and all intended to consult the service again. The most frequent
comments had to do with receiving resources and information about herbs and
other dietary supplements, interacting with an acupuncturist and massage therapist
who were knowledgeable and credible, and benefiting from a colleague who could
communicate with families about their novel or unique questions or opinions
in a way that enhanced collaboration and teamwork in situations that had previously
been volatile or antagonistic.
This report does not provide any information about the clinical effectiveness
and safety of CAM therapies, but it does provide information that is critical
to future investigations.34 First, in assessing
the outcome or effectiveness of any therapy, it is essential that the investigator
understand the goals for which the therapy is being used. For example, many
parents wanted a therapy that would help build up the child's system or "get
rid of toxins," and did not expect that the therapy would replace chemotherapy,
cure the cancer, or even reduce symptoms. New outcome measures may need to
be developed to address these outcome goals and others, such as "feeling more
peaceful," "feeling more balanced," or "knowing I've tried everything." It
may also be worthwhile to further develop methods to assess and enhance physician-family
congruence in treatment goals and values.
Second, additional research is vitally needed to answer patients' questions
about the safety and effectiveness of herbal therapies and other dietary supplements,
particularly in pediatric populations and most especially in those patients
with serious diseases who are already taking 1 or more medications. Patients
and families are already using these products, and systematic data collection
to assess their effects is needed to avoid mishaps and misattribution of benefits
and adverse effects.
Health services research is also needed to assess the costs and benefits
of professionally provided therapies such as acupuncture, massage, and Therapeutic
Touch. Little is known about the direct impact of these services on children,
or about their impact on the use and effectiveness of more mainstream therapies.
Do the costs for these therapies add to overall health care costs or do they
substitute for more expensive services? Even for therapies (such as hypnosis
and guided imagery) that have proved as effective as medications for some
conditions (such as migraine headaches),35
little is known about the long-term costs and benefits, either financially
or in terms of patients' sense of well-being, sense of self-efficacy, or life
satisfaction.
While research is ongoing, patient demand for explicitly integrating
CAM services into mainstream settings will continue to grow, particularly
for those institutions providing care to the sickest and most vulnerable children.
As demand grows, more and more institutions will develop and implement responsible
strategies for meeting it. These strategies will demand ongoing professional
education; outreach to respected CAM therapy providers; innovative institutional
policy making; and a return to basic concepts of individualized, patient-focused
caring and communication between physicians, families, and other health care
providers. In the future, we hope that a separate consultation service for
integrative medicine becomes obsolete as all physicians acquire the tools
and skills necessary to creatively and collaboratively anticipate, discuss,
and respond to patients' questions about a wide range of therapies. For the
present, we hope that this report provides at least one small step in that
direction.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Accepted for publication December 6, 2000.
From the Center for Holistic Pediatric Education and Research, Children's
Hospital, and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Mass.
Corresponding author and reprints: Kathi J. Kemper, MD, MPH, Center
for Holistic Pediatric Education and Research, Children's Hospital, 333 Longwood
Ave, Room LO-547, Boston, MA 02115 (e-mail: CHPER{at}tch.harvard.edu).
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