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Longitudinal Development of Secondary Sexual Characteristics in Girls and Boys Between Ages 9 and 15 Years
Elizabeth J. Susman, PhD;
Renate M. Houts, PhD;
Laurence Steinberg, PhD;
Jay Belsky, PhD;
Elizabeth Cauffman, PhD;
Ganie DeHart, PhD;
Sarah L. Friedman, PhD;
Glenn I. Roisman, PhD;
Bonnie L. Halpern-Felsher, PhD; for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD Early Child Care Research Network
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164(2):166-173.
Objectives To identify ages when adolescents were in sexual maturity stages 2 through 5; to explain the relations between breast (girls), genital (boys), and pubic hair (girls and boys) development between ages 9 and 15 years; and to evaluate synchrony of pubertal development across characteristics.
Design Annual pubertal assessments.
Setting Ten locations in the United States.
Participants A total of 859 adolescents (427 boys [49.7%] and 432 girls [50.3%]; 737 white [85.8%] and 122 black [14.2%]).
Main Outcome Measures Changes in the 5 stages of breast, genital, and pubic hair development.
Results Girls were in breast maturity stages 2 and 3 earlier than comparable pubic hair stages. Although breast development in girls started earlier than pubic hair development, girls completed breast and pubic hair development at approximately the same age. Black girls were in all stages of breast and pubic hair development earlier than white girls. Boys were in stages 2, 3, 4, and 5 of genital development before the comparable pubic hair stage. In boys, genital development started earlier than pubic hair development, but pubic hair development was completed in less time. Black boys were in genital and pubic hair development about 7 months earlier than white boys. Black and white boys completed genital development in approximately 4 years, but black boys took approximately 6 months longer than white boys to complete pubic hair development. At stage 2, for 66.2% of girls, breast development preceded their pubic hair development; for 91.1% of boys, genital development preceded their pubic hair development.
Conclusions The results of this study are useful in understanding normative variation in the timing and change in the development of secondary sexual characteristics at puberty. They will help identify adolescents with atypical changes in sexual maturation and unusual progression of sexual maturation and growth disorders.
Author Affiliations: Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park (Dr Susman); Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (Dr Houts); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Dr Steinberg); Institute for the Study of Children, Families and Social Issues, Birkbeck University of London, England (Dr Belsky); Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine (Dr Cauffman); Department of Psychology, State University of New York, Geneseo (Dr DeHart); CNA Corporation, Alexandria, Virginia (Dr Friedman); Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (Dr Roisman); and Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco (Dr Halpern-Felsher).
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