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A Clinical Decision Rule for Cranial Computed Tomography in Minor Pediatric Head Trauma
Shireen M. Atabaki, MD, MPH;
Ian G. Stiell, MD, MSc, FRCPC;
Jeffrey J. Bazarian, MD;
Karin E. Sadow, MD;
Tien T. Vu, MD;
Mary A. Camarca, MD;
Scott Berns, MD, MPH;
James M. Chamberlain, MD
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008;162(5):439-445.
Objectives To develop a sensitive clinical decision rule with a high negative predictive value for the use of cranial computed tomography (CT) in minor pediatric head trauma, to identify clinical features predictive of neurosurgical intervention, and to assess clinicians' predictive abilities to determine the presence or absence of intracranial injury based on history and physical examination alone.
Design Prospective observational study.
Setting Four level I pediatric trauma centers.
Participants One thousand patients younger than 21 years with minor head trauma undergoing cranial CT.
Main Outcome Measure Intracranial injury as demonstrated by CT and neurosurgical intervention.
Results Of 1000 patients in the study, the mean age was 8.9 years, and 64.1% were male; 6.5% (65 of 1000) had positive findings on CT, and 9.2% (6 of 65) of these required neurosurgical intervention. Recursive partitioning identified the following variables in the decision rule: dizziness, skull defect, sensory deficit, mental status change, bicycle-related injury, age younger than 2 years, Glasgow Coma Scale score less than 15, and evidence of a basilar skull fracture. For detection of intracranial injury, the decision rule had a sensitivity of 95.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 86.2%-98.8%), a specificity of 48.9% (95% CI, 46.6%-52.1%), and a negative predictive value of 99.3% (95% CI, 98.1%-99.8%).
Conclusions We developed a sensitive clinical decision rule with a high NPV for detection of intracranial injury in minor pediatric head trauma. If validated, this rule could provide a useful adjunct to the physician's clinical assessment by reducing variations in practice and unnecessary cranial CT.
Author Affiliations: Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (Drs Atabaki, Vu, and Chamberlain); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Dr Stiell); and Departments of Emergency Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Bazarian); Mount Sinai University Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Sadow); Denver Children's Hospital, Denver, Colorado (Dr Vu); Fairfax Hospital, Fairfax, Virginia (Dr Camarca); and Brown University School of Medicine, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island (Dr Berns).
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