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Immigration, Race/Ethnicity, and Social and Economic Factors as Predictors of Breastfeeding Initiation
Ann C. Celi, MD, MPH;
Janet W. Rich-Edwards, ScD;
Marcie K. Richardson, MD;
Ken P. Kleinman, ScD;
Matthew W. Gillman, MD, SM
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:255-260.
Objective To determine the impact of immigration status as well as race/ethnicity and social and economic factors on breastfeeding initiation.
Design Cohort.
Setting Multisite group practice in eastern Massachusetts.
Participants One thousand eight hundred twenty-nine pregnant women prospectively followed up in Project Viva.
Main Outcome Measure Whether the participant breastfed her infant.
Results The overall breastfeeding initiation rate was 83%. In multivariate models that included race/ethnicity and social, economic, and demographic factors, foreign-born women were more likely to initiate breastfeeding than US-born women (odds ratio [OR], 3.2 [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.0-5.2]). In models stratified by both race/ethnicity and immigration status, and further adjusted for whether the mother herself was breastfed as an infant and the mother’s parents’ immigration status, US-born and foreign-born black and Hispanic women initiated breastfeeding at rates at least as high as US-born white women (US-born black vs US-born white women, OR, 1.2 [95% CI, 0.8-1.9], US-born Hispanic vs US-born white women, OR, 1.1 [95% CI, 0.6-1.9], foreign-born black vs US-born white women, OR, 2.6 [95% CI, 1.1-6.0], and foreign-born Hispanic vs US-born white women, OR, 1.8 [95% CI, 0.7-4.8]). Calculations of predicted prevalences showed that, for example, the 2.6-fold increase in odds for the foreign-born black vs US-born white women translated to an increase in probability of approximately 1.4. Higher maternal education and household income also predicted higher initiation rates.
Conclusions Immigration status was strongly associated with increased breastfeeding initiation in this cohort, implying that cultural factors are important in the decision to breastfeed. Immigrants of all races/ethnicities initiated breastfeeding more often than their US-born counterparts. In addition, US-born minority groups initiated breastfeeding at rates at least as high as their white counterparts, likely due in part to high levels of education and income as well as to access to a medical care system that explicitly supports breastfeeding.
Author Affiliations: Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care (Drs Celi, Rich-Edwards, Kleinman, and Gillman), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harvard Medical School (Dr Richardson), Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health (Dr Gillman), and Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates (Drs Richardson and Celi), Boston, Mass. Dr Celi is now with the Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston.
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