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A 12-Year Prospective Study of the Long-term Effects of Early Child Physical Maltreatment on Psychological, Behavioral, and Academic Problems in Adolescence
Jennifer E. Lansford, PhD;
Kenneth A. Dodge, PhD;
Gregory S. Pettit, PhD;
John E. Bates, PhD;
Joseph Crozier, MPM;
Julie Kaplow, PhD
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156:824-830.
Objective To determine whether child physical maltreatment early in life has long-term
effects on psychological, behavioral, and academic problems independent of
other characteristics associated with maltreatment.
Design Prospective longitudinal study with data collected annually from 1987
through 1999.
Setting and Participants Randomly selected, community-based samples of 585 children from the
ongoing Child Development Project were recruited the summer before children
entered kindergarten in 3 geographic sites. Seventy-nine percent continued
to participate in grade 11. The initial in-home interviews revealed that 69
children (11.8%) had experienced physical maltreatment prior to kindergarten
matriculation.
Main Outcome Measures Adolescent assessment of school grades, standardized test scores, absences,
suspensions, aggression, anxiety/depression, other psychological problems,
drug use, trouble with police, pregnancy, running away, gang membership, and
educational aspirations.
Results Adolescents maltreated early in life were absent from school more than
1.5 as many days, were less likely to anticipate attending college compared
with nonmaltreated adolescents, and had levels of aggression, anxiety/depression,
dissociation, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, social problems, thought
problems, and social withdrawal that were on average more than three quarters
of an SD higher than those of their nonmaltreated counterparts. The findings
held after controlling for family and child characteristics correlated with
maltreatment.
Conclusions Early physical maltreatment predicts adolescent psychological and behavioral
problems, beyond the effects of other factors associated with maltreatment.
Undetected early physical maltreatment in community populations represents
a major problem worthy of prevention.
From the Center for Child and Family Policy (Drs Lansford and Dodge)
and the Department of Psychology (Mr Crozier and Dr Kaplow), Duke University,
Durham, NC; the Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn
University, Auburn, Ala (Dr Pettit); and the Department of Psychology, Indiana
University, Bloomington, (Dr Bates).
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