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Persistence and Emergence of Anemia in Children During Participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
Jennifer L. Kahn, MD;
Helen J. Binns, MD, MPH;
Tianyue Chen, MS;
Robert R. Tanz, MD;
Robert Listernick, MD
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156:1028-1032.
Context The prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia in children has decreased owing
to the provision of iron-containing infant formula and cereal and food vouchers
to children enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women,
Infants, and Children (WIC).
Objective To determine the prevalence of anemia and changes in anemia status in
children receiving WIC supplementation.
Design Retrospective cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of information
on WIC participants. Two definitions of anemia were condisered separately:
Anemia1 and Anemia2, the latter using a more stringent definition of anemia
to avoid misclassification.
Participants Consecutive cohort of 7053 infants and children aged 6 to 59 months.
Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of anemia by age and race or ethnicity and relationship between
anemia and sex, birth weight, and weight-for-height z
score.
Results Infants aged 6 to 8 months were 3.3 times more likely to be anemic than
children aged 36 to 59 months. There was no association between anemia and
race, birth weight, sex, or weight-for-height z score.
Anemia rates were approximately halved in the more stringently defined Anemia2
group. Among children seen for at least 3 visits (n = 2926), 8.5% developed
anemia and 19.1% of initially anemic children remained anemic; an additional
6.6% developed anemia at a third visit after having had 2 normal hemoglobin
measurements.
Conclusions Anemia was common in WIC participants, with infants at highest risk.
The diagnosis of anemia in black children depends on the cutoff value used.
Despite ongoing receipt of WIC benefits, many children develop anemia or remain
anemic. Implementation of mandatory follow-up of all anemic infants by WIC
or health care providers may be warranted.
From the Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern
University (Drs Kahn, Binns, Tanz, and Listernick), and the Division of General
Academic Pediatrics (Drs Binns, Tanz, and Listernick) and the Children's Memorial
Institute for Education and Research, Child Health Research Core (Dr Binns
and Ms Chen), Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Ill.
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Anemia Screening in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children: Time for Change?
Debra L. Bogen and Robert C. Whitaker
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156(10):969-970.
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Anemia Screening in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children: Time for Change?
Bogen and Whitaker
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002;156:969-970.
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