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Low Family Income and Food Insufficiency in Relation to Overweight in US Children
Is There a Paradox?
Katherine Alaimo, PhD;
Christine M. Olson, PhD, RD;
Edward A. Frongillo, Jr, PhD
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155:1161-1167.
Objectives To investigate associations between family income, food insufficiency,
and being overweight in US children aged 2 to 7 and 8 to 16 years, to discuss
mechanisms that may explain these associations, and to propose design and
data requirements for further research that could effectively examine this
issue.
Methods Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
were analyzed. Children were classified as food insufficient if the family
respondents reported that their family sometimes or often did not get enough
food to eat. The prevalence of overweight was compared by family income category
and food sufficiency status within age-, sex-, and race-ethnic–specific
groups. Odds ratios for food insufficiency are reported, adjusted for family
income and other potential confounding factors.
Results Among older non-Hispanic white children, children in families with low
income were significantly more likely to be overweight than children in families
with high income. There were no significant differences by family income for
younger non-Hispanic white children, non-Hispanic black children, or Mexican
American children. After adjusting for confounding variables, there were no
differences in overweight by food sufficiency status, except that younger
food-insufficient girls were less likely to be overweight, and non-Hispanic
white older food-insufficient girls were more likely to be overweight than
food-sufficient girls (P<.10).
Conclusion Further research to evaluate whether food insecurity causes overweight
in American children requires longitudinal quantitative and in-depth qualitative
methods.
From the Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca,
NY. Dr Alaimo is now with The University of Michigan School of Public Health,
Ann Arbor.
Corresponding author and reprints: Katherine Alaimo, PhD, School
of Public Health, The University of Michigan, 109 Observatory, Room M3517,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029 (e-mail: kalaimo{at}umich.edu).
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