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William J. Rodriguez, MD, PhD; Julita Arrobio, MD; Robert Fink, MD; Hyun W. Kim, MD; Cherye Milburn, BSN; for the Ribavirin Study Group

Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153:469-474.

Objective  To determine any long-term differences in adverse effects and pulmonary function between infants with respiratory syncytial virus and lower respiratory tract infection who were treated with ribavirin and a control group.

Study Design  Long-term follow-up included enumeration of episodes of respiratory illness, wheezing, and pneumonia and, ultimately, administration of pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Pulse oximetry was done at each visit. During the first 3 years we conducted follow-up in the fall and spring. In years 4 and 5 we conducted 1 visit per year. During years 5 through 7 we conducted PFTs, and starting with year 7 a methacholine chloride challenge was done if forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁) was greater than 70% of predicted value.

Results  We prospectively enrolled (December 1983 to February 1985) in a randomized trial of ribavirin vs placebo children who were previously healthy, were premature, or had chronic pulmonary disease. One pulmonologist (R.F.; blinded) scored and interpreted the results of the PFTs. We studied 42 patients aged 1 to 33 months; 2 patients died (1 receiving ribavirin and 1 receiving placebo) and 5 patients receiving placebo were lost to follow-up; 35 patients (24 taking ribavirin and 11 taking placebo) attended 212 visits. Four patients were premature (3 in the ribavirin and 1 in the placebo group), and 3 of these had bronchopulmonary dysplasia (2 in the ribavirin and 1 in the placebo group). From years 1 to 3, there was more reactive airway disease, wheezing, and pneumonia in the placebo than in the ribavirin group (mean score, 22.3 for 12 placebo-treated patients vs 15.8 for 23 ribavirin-treated patients; P=.07 by Kruskal-Wallis test); for all years, it was 22.0 for 11 placebo-treated patients vs 16.0 for 22 ribavirin-treated patients (P=.10). After informed consent was given, 19 patients completed PFTs (13 receiving ribavirin and 6 receiving placebo); 7 of 13 ribavirin-treated patients (53%) had normal or mild PFT results vs 0 of 6 placebo-treated patients (P=.04 by Fisher exact test). On methacholine challenge (7 ribavirin-treated patients and 5 placebo-treated patients), there was more reactivity in the placebo vs the ribavirin group (exact P=.07). Scoring done by weighting for severity for 19 patients (13 ribavirin-treated patients and 6 placebo-treated patients) (even after correcting for asthma) showed a significant difference in favor of previously ribavirin-treated patients (exact P=.02).

Conclusions  No outward effects were identified from ribavirin exposure. We observed no increase in reactive airway disease, wheezing, and pneumonia in the ribavirin compared with the placebo group. Weighted severity scores suggest long-term beneficial effect of ribavirin therapy; however, larger numbers should be evaluated.

From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University, Washington, DC. A complete list of the members of the Ribavirin Study Group is given at the end of this article.

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