Trends in anabolic-androgenic steroid use among adolescents
C. E. Yesalis, C. K. Barsukiewicz, A. N. Kopstein and M. S. Bahrke
Department of Health Policy and Administration, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the trends in anabolic steroid use among adolescents
in the United States between 1988 and 1996. DESIGN: Computerized and manual
literature searches were performed, and the resultant local, state, and
national cross-sectional surveys of illicit anabolic steroid use by
adolescents were reviewed. Trends in steroid use were evaluated using state
and national studies administered in multiple periods. Various sampling
procedures were employed, and all surveys used anonymous questionnaires.
The national studies used for this analysis included the Monitoring the
Future (MTF) study, the national component of the Youth Risk and Behavior
Surveillance System, and the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse.
SETTING: Most of the surveys described were self-administered in school
classrooms. The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse was administered in
the respondent's home. PARTICIPANTS: Most survey respondents were junior
high an high school male and female students aged 12 to 18 years. RESULTS:
Individual state studies (ie, a single point in time) provide evidence of
continued steroid use throughout the United States despite educational and
legal interventions. The findings of multiyear state-level studies show a
decrease in lifetime steroid use rates between 1988 and 1994 for male and
female adolescents, although no tests of statistical significance were
conducted. At the national level, a significant decline (P < .01) in
lifetime steroid use has taken place from 1989 to 1996 for male and female
students (MTF data). However, since 1991, lifetime steroid use by male
students, as measured by 2 of the 3 national surveys, has been generally
stable. The third survey, MTF, shows a significant decrease (P < .05) in
use from 1991 to 1996. Likewise, from 1991-1996 use of anabolic steroids
during the past year (MTF data) was stable for 10th and 12th grade males;
use among eighth grade males decreased significantly (P < .01). Since
1991, data from the 3 national surveys indicate an increase in lifetime
anabolic steroid use among adolescent females, although only 1 of these
increases is statistically significant. Furthermore, past year use of
steroids (MTF data) increased for females in the 8th (P < .05), 10th (P
< .05), and 12th (ns) grades. CONCLUSIONS: A long-term comparison of
anabolic steroid use (from 1989-1996) indicates that use among adolescent
males and females has decreased significantly (P < .05). However, for
females the low point in lifetime steroid use was reached in 1991, with
subsequent significant (P < .05) increases in use being reported in
several national data sets. For adolescent males, after declining sharply
between 1989 and 1991, steroid use has generally been stable since 1991.
Moreover, based on the 1995 estimates of high school students and Youth
Risk and Behavior Surveillance System data, approximately 375,000
adolescent males and 175,000 adolescent females in public and private
schools in the United States used anabolic steroids at least once in their
lives. These results suggest that prevention, intervention, and regulatory
efforts to reduce steroid use at the local, state, and national levels
should be reassessed, especially those efforts that focus on adolescent
female steroid use.
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