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Mumps Outbreak in a Highly Vaccinated School PopulationEvidence for Large-scale Vaccination Failure
James E. Cheek, MD, MPH;
Roy Baron, MD, MPH;
Holly Atlas, MD;
D. L. Wilson;
Robert D. Crider, Jr, MPA
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149(7):774-778.
Abstract
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Objectives
To describe an outbreak and to identify risk factors for mumps occurring in a highly vaccinated high school population. (Note: Highly vaccinated means a population in which more than 95% have been vaccinated.)
Design and Participants
Survey and cohort study of 307 (97%) of 318 students.
Outcome Measures
Mumps was defined as an illness with 2 or more days of parotid swelling. Serologic confirmation of infection was obtained in eight cases, seven of which were evaluated for presence of IgM antibody using immunofluorescent antibodies. Vaccination records were verified for 297 (97%) students.
Results
Between October 3 and November 23, 1990, clinical mumps developed in 54 students (attack rate, 18%), 53 of whom had been vaccinated. Most cases (40 [77%] of 52) occurred 12 to 20 days after a school-wide pep rally. Immunofluorescent antibody testing of all seven specimens demonstrated IgM antibody to mumps. Risk factors for clinical mumps identified in multivariate analyses included female gender (odds ratio, 3.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.6 to 5.7) and source of vaccination other than the local public health clinic (students vaccinated by private providers [odds ratio, 3.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 5.2] or in other districts [odds ratio, 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 5.3]).
Conclusions
The overall attack rate is the highest reported to date (and to our knowledge) for a population demonstrating virtually complete mumps vaccine coverage. Even verified documentation of vaccination may not be an accurate indicator of an individual's protection against mumps. Vaccination failure may play an important role in contemporary mumps outbreaks. We found no evidence to indicate that waning immunity (secondary vaccine failure) contributed significantly to this outbreak. A second dose of mumps vaccine, as recommended using measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, could potentially prevent similar outbreaks in secondary school populations in the future.
(Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:774-778)
Author Affiliations
From the Division of Field Epidemiology, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga (Drs Cheek and Baron), and the Texas Department of Health, Austin (Drs Cheek and Atlas and Messrs Wilson and Crider). Dr Cheek is now with the Epidemiology Branch, Indian Health Service, Headquarters West, Albuquerque, NM, and Dr Atlas is now with Scott and White Memorial Hospital, Temple, Tex.
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