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Abnormal Zinc Content in Human MilkRisk for Development of Nutritional Zinc Deficiency in Infants
Stephanie A. Atkinson, PhD;
Donald Whelan, MD, FRCPC;
Robin K. Whyte, MB, FRCPC;
Bo Lönnerdal, PhD
Am J Dis Child. 1989;143(5):608-611.
Abstract
• An abnormally low concentration of zinc in mother's milk has been associated with clinical nutritional zinc deficiency in premature and term newborns. Defective mammary gland secretion of zinc was suggested as the causative factor. We investigated whether low milk zinc concentration might be reflected in an abnormality of the distribution of zinc between casein, whey, and fat components of the milk, in a reduction in the levels of milk citrate, a zinc-binding ligand, or in abnormal levels of copper and iron. Milk from mothers of four low-birth-weight infants was identified as being deficient in zinc content for the lactational stage. One infant had clinical signs of nutritional zinc deficiency. For two of the three infants with subclinical deficiencies in whom balance study data were available, the apparent zinc balance was negative (–5.7 and –6.0 µmol/kg per day). These milks were examined for content and distribution of zinc, copper, and iron, and citrate concentration. Although total zinc concentration (4.5 to 17.2 µmol/L) was below the 95% prediction interval (15.2 to 59.7 µmol/L) for the lactational stage, the distribution of zinc was normal between milk components. Levels of citrate (1.46 to 5.13 mmol/L) were also within normal limits, as were levels of copper (0.27 to 0.85 µmol/L and iron (0.41 to 1.13 µmol/L). We concluded that there was no indirect evidence of a secretory abnormality in milk zinc deficiency, but speculated that there might instead be an abnormality of zinc uptake by the mammary gland from the plasma.
(AJDC. 1989;143:608-611)
Author Affiliations
From the Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Drs Atkinson, Whelan, and Whyte); and the Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis (Dr Lönnerdal). Dr Atkinson holds a Career Scientist Award from the Ministry of Health of Ontario, Canada.
Footnotes
Accepted for publication October 12, 1988.
Presented in part at the Sixth International Meeting on Trace Elements in Man and Animals, June 2, 1987, Asilomar, Calif.
Reprint requests to Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5 Canada (Dr Atkinson).
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